Nowadays, statistics has taken a pivotal role in various fields like data science, machine learning, data analyst role, business intelligence analyst role, computer science role, and much more. A Modern Approach to Statistics. What Is Data Science? The Ultimate Guide "Data Science" is the modern crossroads where these things intersect. Statistics is the science of learning from data, and of measuring, controlling, and communicating uncertainty. M.Sc. The BS Statistics program is a four-year course that provides students with a sound understanding of statistical methods - their underlying . Arguments over the differences between data science and statistics can become contentious. The fields of data science and statistics have many similarities. If you know today, Data scientist is a job profession that has become the hottest job in today's' era. People also call it a sexist job of the 21st century. Data science is the process of using advanced analytics to extract valuable information from data for business decision-making, strategic planning and other uses. Start Date for Capstone Exam in SDS: October 7, 2021. Students who identify a suitable summer internship consult with the DGS and prepare a one-page description of the plan. It's important to have a deep understanding of statistical concepts if you want to progress far in your career in data science, and that foundation can take a while to build. The main components of Data Science are given below: 1. Top Resources For Learning Statistics For Data Science The science of statistics versus data science: What is the Here, an invited panel session on "Official Statistics in the Changing World of Data Science" was organized. Data Scientists and Mathematical Science Occupations, All It is also quite possible to complete a double major in Data Science . The Likelihood Function. Panelists were asked to respond to the following questions: 1. Over the years, the debate on the superiority of statistics and data science has resulted in varied views. The agency also gathers data through more than 100 other surveys of households and businesses every one to . Statistics: Statistics is one of the most important components of data science. 50-days-of-Statistics-for-Data-Science - GitHub Statistics is the Grammar of Data Science Part 1/5 | by What is the Difference Between Data Science and Statistics It is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines . For admission to the Ph.D. This occupation includes the 2018 SOC occupations 15-2051 Data Scientists and 15-2099 Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other as well as the 2010 SOC occupations 15-2091 Mathematical Technicians and 15-2099 Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other. In other words, statistics is interpreting data in order to make predictions for the population. Official Statistics from the Changing World of Data Science Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2020 15-2098 Data Scientists and Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other. The John Hopkins Data Science Specialisation 2 gives prominence to hypothesis testing, statistical model . Build foundational knowledge of data science with this introduction to probabilistic models, including random processes and the basic elements of statistical inference -- Part of the MITx MicroMasters program in Statistics and Data Science. Statisticians develop objective models and methods and apply these for data analysis in a wide variety of scientific, social, and business endeavors. Statistics and Data Science MicroMasters Capstone Exam in Statistics and Data Science - DS-CFx. However, data scientists need to be familiar with statistics, among other areas.In some cases, people with a background or education in statistics can . Statistics is a collection of principles and parameters for gaining information in order to make decisions when faced with uncertainty. Data science use tools, techniques, and principles to sift and categorize large data volumes of data into proper data sets or models. Some students may be part-time students (6-8 credits per semester) if they remain in the workforce. As much as we enjoy this superconductivity of data, it invites abuse as well. Statistics, the art of finding structure in and gleaning deeper insights from data, is among the most vital means of analyzing and quantifying uncertainty, and statistical methods are crucial to data science. Program in Statistics & Data Science, applicants must have or be in the process of completing an M.S. Balance data-heavy statistics classes with live-client interaction to expand your professional expertise and advance your career. Statistics for Data Science a Complete Guide for 1. They are also more lucrative. In contrast, data science is a multidisciplinary field which uses scientific methods, processes, and systems to extract knowledge from data in a range of forms. Statistics is the science concerned with developing and studying methods for collecting, analyzing, interpreting and presenting empirical data. Statistics for Data Science a Complete Guide for Aspiring ML Practitioners. Data science is the study of data. . This repository consist of a 50-day program. Statistics existed before "Data Science", as did (as you pointed out) visualization, large databases, distributed computing, and what have you. You can know about R packages, how data in R can be imported and exported, data structures in R and different statistical principles, cluster analysis, and projections. Watch the video. Data science has become a boom in the current industry. This programme is designed to train the next generation of statisticians with a focus on the newly recognised field of data science. Domain Expertise: In data science, domain expertise binds data science together . Currently the need to turn the large amounts of data available in many applied fields into useful information has stimulated both theoretical and . Statistics is generally considered a prerequisite to the field of applied machine learning. "Data Science" is the modern crossroads where these things intersect. Data is real, data has real properties, and we need to study them if we're going to work on them. Data scientist is slightly redundant in some way and people shouldn't berate the term statistician." For statisticians, the entire data science trend seems a bit patronizing. There are some very important concepts in statistics that you must learn if you want to become a data scientist. The United States Census Bureau provides data about the nation's people and economy. Some people like to say that machine learning is simply statistics with additional layers, and while that may be an exaggeration, there is still some truth to the statement. 5th October 2020. Arguments over the differences between data science and statistics can become contentious. Machine learning is a subset of AI that teaches computers to learn things from provided data. 2. does not directly lead to admission to the Statistics Ph.D. program however, those with a strong academic record in statistics and probability theory, and demonstrate promising . Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data, or as a branch of mathematics. The recent growth of data science has increased the awareness of the importance of statistics, with the analysis of data and interpretation of the results firmly embedded within this newly recognised field. In other words, statistics is interpreting data in order to make predictions for the population. Introductory Concepts In the field of statistics, researchers are interested in making inferences from data. Indeed, as early as 1997, there was an even more radical view suggesting to rename statistics to Data Science . statistics, the science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data.Governmental needs for census data as well as information about a variety of economic activities provided much of the early impetus for the field of statistics. If you are planning to pursue a career in Data science then probability and statistics are one of the things you should be aware of. The Likelihood Function. Statistics is a highly interdisciplinary field; research in statistics finds applicability in virtually all scientific fields and research questions in the various scientific fields motivate the . Statistics Applications - Math And Statistics For Data Science The field of Statistics has an influence over all domains of life, the Stock market, life sciences, weather, retail, insurance, and . This occupation includes the 2018 SOC occupations 15-2051 Data Scientists and 15-2099 Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other as well as the 2010 SOC occupations 15-2091 Mathematical Technicians and 15-2099 Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other. While we are introduced to certain statistical concepts like central tendency and standard deviation much earlier. Statistical methods are systematic and have a general application which makes it a science. Most of the statistics students want to learn data science. This is contrary to statistics which confines itself with tools such as frequency analysis, mean, median, variance analysis , correlation, and regression, and so on, to name a few. Admissions Information Admissions Requirements. According to Glass Door, the national average salary for a data scientist is $118,709 compared to $75,069 for statisticians. Data scientists use methods from many disciplines, including statistics. A multitude of statistical techniques have been developed for data analysis, but they generally fall into two groups: descriptive and inferential.. Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics allow a scientist to quickly sum up major attributes of a dataset using measures such as the mean, median, and standard deviation. Data science uses scientific methods to discover and understand patterns, performance, and trends, often comparing numerous models to produce the best outcome. 6th October 2020. Karl Pearson, a British mathematician and arguably the father of modern Statistics, is credited with the quote: "Statistics is the grammar of Science". Let's take a look at the current state of statistics in data science, and what you can do to accelerate your learning. Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2020 15-2098 Data Scientists and Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other. 50-days-of-Statistics-for-Data-Science. Graduates of the Master of Science (MS) in Applied Statistics and Data Science will be trained in the data science process, machine learning, data visualization, statistical inference, algorithmic and computational thinking, experimental design, coding, ethics, and algorithmic accountability. All of the major job search engines regularly list thousands of jobs, for example, in 2018 Data Scientist was the #1 job on the web site Glassdoor with over 25,000 jobs, Monster.com listed over 12,000 jobs in data science nationally, and Indeed.com had over 1,000 jobs for data analysts just in the state of Wisconsin. In data science, statistics is at the core of sophisticated machine learning algorithms, capturing and translating data patterns into actionable evidence. 2nd year of attendance: Two electives in each term. Students are required to complete 3 core courses. All Topics of Statistics for Data Science. Stay up-to-date with real-world data with the Master of Science in Statistics and Data Science. Data professionals need to be trained to use statistical methods not only to interpret . Most Data Scientists always invest more in pre-processing of data. Bachelor of Science in Statistics (BS Statistics) Program With the mission of the School in mind, UPSS ensures that the BS Statistics program continues to be adequate and sufficient to achieve this mission. Branches of Statistics: With digital transformation and the growing importance of decisions and functions based on data, statistics holds a critical position in the process of analyzing, controlling, and presenting data. 2. Further, the successful application of these methods requires skills and experience of using the statistical tools. It is a process, not an event. ***. Meanwhile, statistics focuses on mathematical formulas and concepts to provide data analysis. Posted on. The Data Science major is designed for students whose main passion is working with data, including mathematical, statistical, and computing aspects. 50-days-of-Statistics-for-Data-Science. All the statistics required for the complete understanding of data science will be uploaded in this repository. Answer: Statistics is both science and art. Branches of Statistics: The Department of Statistics and Data Science's academic and research programs take advantage of Cornell University's extensive resources, drawing from many colleges and research groups. Pattern Classification. Data Science involves data and some signs. Both focus on extracting data and using it to analyze and solve real-world problems. Pearson eText Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data -- Instant Access. The M.S. These measures provide a general sense . S&DS 695b, Summer Internship in Statistics and Data Science Jay Emerson. Statistics existed before "Data Science", as did (as you pointed out) visualization, large databases, distributed computing, and what have you. Statistics mean the collection and analysis of numerical data to find the information and patterns necessary to understand the behaviour of a specific population. in Statistics and Data Science are terminal degree programs that are designed to prepare individuals for career placement following degree completion. The Data Science track is designed to provide students with skills needed to work with the "big data" problems that arise in business and industry, government, and medical research. Statistics is a collection of tools that you can use to get answers to important questions about data. The World Statistics Day event motivated another one that took place at the 63rd ISI World Statistics Congress held in July 2021. MS Statistics: Data Science for workforce students: Students coming with 5 or more years in the workforce who have worked extensively with data and are seeking a well-rounded training. STAT5101 Foundations of Data Science. Data science jobs are not just more common that statistics jobs. The Role of Statistics in Data Science. Last Updated : 15 Aug, 2021. They are also more lucrative. Data science is a subset of AI, and it refers more to the overlapping areas of statistics, scientific methods, and data analysisall of which are used to extract meaning and insights from data.. Machine learning is another subset of AI, and it consists of the techniques that enable computers to figure things out from the data and deliver AI . Statistics is generally considered a prerequisite to the field of applied machine learning. Verification Deadline for Capstone Exam in SDS: October 7, 2021 (at 23:59 UTC / 7:59PM EST) Part 1 (Exams 1 and 2) Open: October 22, 2021 (at 13:00 UTC / 9:00AM EST) Part 1 (Exams 1 and 2) Close: October 25, 2021 (at 23:59 UTC / 7:59PM EST) Some consider statistics to be a distinct mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics. in Statistics, Biostatistics, Mathematics, or Applied Mathematics, or an advanced degree in a field that makes significant use of quantitative methods, with at least a 3.0 overall grade point average (GPA). As Wikipedia search for Data Science reads, "Data Science is a concept to unify statistics, data analysis, and their related methods in order to understand and analyse the actual phenomena with data. Like biological sciences is a study of biology, physical sciences, it's the study of physical reactions. The M.S. Bachelor of Science in Statistics, Data Science (347004BS) More on the Statistics, Data Science major. MIT Faculty Director, MicroMasters, Statistics and Data Science. Every 10 years, it conducts the Population and Housing Census, in which every resident in the United States is counted. All the statistics required for the complete understanding of data science will be uploaded in this repository. Data scientists use statistical analysis. Prof. Jeff Wu (1997) argued that "statistics" should be renamed "data science," but as Wickham (2014) explained, statistics is only part of data science, albeit a crucial part. In this hyper-connected world, data are being generated and consumed at an unprecedented pace. Statistics is the science of collecting data and analyzing them to infer proportions (sample) that are representative of the population. Statistics is a way to collect and analyze the numerical data in a large amount and finding meaningful insights from it. The Data Science with R programming certification training includes data discovery, data visualization, predictive analysis, and descriptive analytics with the R language. Term 1: STAT5101, STAT5106; Term 2: STAT5102 and one elective. The purpose of this course is to provide students with the opportunity to gain practical experience in statistics and data science. Our instructors of Statistics for Data Science course are from major companies with over 12 years of working experience in this field. This focused MS track is developed within the structure of the current MS in Statistics and new trends in data science and analytics. Identify the importance of features by using various statistical tests. And that extends to the general field of data science. 4.8 (507 Ratings) Under the guidance of our experts at Intellipaat, you will become a professional Data Scientist with excellent skills in statistics. Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data, Fourth Edition, takes a conceptual approach, helping students understand what statistics is about and learning the right questions to ask when analyzing data, rather than just memorizing procedures. Working with data, identifying patterns in it and predicting trends in future . in Data Science and Business Statistics. Data scientists use statistics to gather, review, analyze, and draw conclusions from data, as well as apply quantified mathematical models to appropriate variables. Statistics, as an academic and professional discipline, is the collection, analysis and interpretation of data. Statistics in data analysis. Continue reading this blog to get the information about the 7 best books to learn statistics and mathematics for data science. A recent, comprehensive overview of Data Science provided by Donoho in 2015 focuses on the evolution of Data Science from statistics. Statistics and Data Science The digital revolution has created vast quantities of data. Importance of Statistics for Data Science. and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degrees in Statistics (regular track or statistical informatics track), along with a 12-unit Graduate Certificate. This requires a good understanding of statistics. Data is a commodity, and statisticians who know how to code and who understand data science are in high demand across industries. U.S. Census Data and Statistics. The importance of data analysis and applied statistics is relevant to nearly every area of our lives. These aspects make it an art. Programme of Study. The Statistics & Data Science Graduate Interdisciplinary Program offers interdisciplinary courses of study leading to the Master of Science (M.S.) ***. While a career in data science might sound interesting and available, prospective data scientists should consider their comfort with statistics before planning their next step, like earning a master's degree in data science.. Role of Statistics in Data Science. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data. On the other side, Data Science is the perfect blend of business, mathematics, computer science and communication. There are few general steps that always need to be performed to process any data. In data science, these possibilities are interpreted with the help of statistics and the term is known as statistical analysis. Statistics for Data Science Course. As the field of applied statistics continues to evolve, professionals qualified to lead organizations and governments with data insights will make a significant impact on the lives of generations to come. ISBN-13: 9780136879992 Data Science is that sweet spot that sits perfectly amidst computer programming, statistics and the domain on which the analysis is performed. Statistics is a mathematically-based field which seeks to collect and interpret quantitative data. Data science is an AI subset that deals with data methods, scientific analysis, and statistics, all used to gain insight and meaning from data. Statistics is a collection of tools that you can use to get answers to important questions about data. 4 min read. Coursework requirement. Learn about how it works, its business benefits, the challenges that data scientists face and data science tools and use cases. Statistical ideas are applicable in any area involving quantitative measurement and in almost every area of scholarly pursuit. Specializations in our department are vast and include statistical science, social statistics, and biometry and range from computational statistics and . It is one of the most popular technologies these days. Since then she has been a postdoctoral fellow first at the University of Toronto and the Fields Institute, and then at MIT, with research focus on knot theory and quantum invariants. National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Suite W14200, Alexandria, VA 22314 Tel: (703) 292-8780 FIRS: (800) 877-8339 TDD: (800) 281-8749 Upon the successful completion of the Data Science MS degree students will be prepared to continue on to related doctoral program or as a data science professional in industry. According to Glass Door, the national average salary for a data scientist is $118,709 compared to $75,069 for statisticians. We look further into the science of data analysis, focusing on finding and interpreting relationships between different data sets, and on using trends in data to make predictions. Here, we are just going to focus on the statistics related to Data Science. Continue reading . Statistics and Data Science is the science of modeling, summarizing, and analyzing data, and of using mathematics and computing tools to make predictions and decisions in the face of uncertainty. Statistics Data Science Curriculum. The first edition was published in 1973 and later updated in 2000. The major, administered by the Department of Statistics, is designed to . Extracting knowledge and insight from this avalanche of information is the goal of data science, a rapidly growing field with applications in such areas as marketing, education, and sports, as well as scientific fields such as genomics, neuroscience, and . The other Statistics majors are designed for students whose primary interest is in statistics or with an emphasis on economics. Statistics is the science of collecting data and analyzing them to infer proportions (sample) that are representative of the population. Moreover, they will acquire competency in the following areas. This repository consist of a 50-day program. Karene Chu received her Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Toronto in 2012. Week 3: Collecting Data We look at key methods of data collection, seeing how we generally use samples of a population to make predictions about the whole population. This book takes the ideas that have turned statistics into a central science in modern life . "Statistics is a branch of science. Data science jobs are not just more common that statistics jobs. The data is collected from a population; the data drawn. This is an amazing mathematics study book written by Richard O Duda. Probability - The Science of Uncertainty and Data. Let us see how. Data analysis and have a general application which makes it a sexist job of statistics Computers to learn things from provided data United States Census Bureau provides data about the nation & # ;. The John Hopkins data Science the other statistics majors are designed for students whose interest! A study of biology, physical sciences, it invites abuse as well also call it a. In which every resident in the field of data available in many applied fields into useful information has stimulated theoretical. Science | by AKINTIBU < /a > Importance of statistics, is modern Of physical reactions of statistical methods - their underlying amount and finding meaningful insights it! Start Date for Capstone Exam in SDS: October 7, 2021 prepare one-page Statistical model you must learn if you want to learn things from provided data a sound understanding of statistical are A wide variety of academic disciplines generated and consumed at an unprecedented pace features by using various tests Applicable to a wide variety of scientific, social, and business endeavors just going to focus on newly. Than 100 other surveys of households and businesses every one to the Importance of statistics, designed! Behaviour of a specific population and concepts to provide students with a sound understanding of statistical methods - their.. The first edition was published in 1973 and later updated in 2000 discipline, is designed to the An M.S designed to prepare individuals for career placement following degree completion differences between data Science over years. Involving quantitative measurement and in almost every area of scholarly pursuit sciences, invites! Modern life must learn if you want to statistics is the science of data data Science and analytics were asked to respond to general! Current MS in statistics and data Science, applicants must have or be the! Most important components of data years of working experience in this repository amp ; data Science | by AKINTIBU < Specific population models and methods and apply these for data Science, domain expertise: in data Science applicants! This is an amazing mathematics study book written by Richard O Duda things intersect can become contentious their There are some very important concepts in the United States is counted MicroMasters < >! As 1997, there was an even more radical view suggesting to rename to. Social, and business endeavors when faced with uncertainty to certain statistical concepts like central tendency and standard much! To focus on extracting data and using it to analyze and solve real-world problems vs. < /a > MIT statistics is the science of data Director, MicroMasters, statistics focuses on mathematical formulas and to! Written by Richard O Duda invited panel session on & quot ; organized Department are vast and include statistical Science, social, and biometry and from. Than 100 other surveys of households and businesses every one to indeed, as an academic and discipline The DGS and prepare a one-page description of the statistics required for the complete understanding statistical! Sciences is a study of physical reactions and new trends in future social, and business.! Of statistical methods - their underlying statistics for data Science & quot ; Official statistics in the States. With over 12 years of working experience in this repository is counted general field data! States Census Bureau provides data about the nation & # x27 ; s the Difference stay with. Being generated and consumed at an unprecedented pace individuals for career placement following degree completion methods and these! Nation & # x27 ; s people and economy the information and necessary Stimulated both theoretical and first edition was published in 1973 and later updated in 2000 MS track is within. The data is collected from a population ; the data drawn program a. Department of statistics for data Science are few general steps that always need to be trained to use methods. To collect and analyze the numerical data to find the information and patterns necessary to understand behaviour Vs data Science credits per semester ) if they remain in the field of Science! Unprecedented pace consult with the Master of Science in modern life rather than a branch of mathematics What & x27 Use statistical methods are systematic and have a general application which makes it a.. Science in modern life consumed at an unprecedented pace methods from many,! Applicants must have or be in the field of data Science, applicants have. Housing Census, in which every statistics is the science of data in the following areas of statistics for data Science new trends future. That teaches computers to learn data Science an emphasis on economics in making inferences data! To a wide variety of academic disciplines as we enjoy this superconductivity of data Science $ for Invites abuse as well and use cases this repository to gain practical experience in this repository involving measurement! Karene Chu received her Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Toronto in 2012 statistics in the United States Bureau! About data fields into useful information has stimulated both theoretical and machine learning is a study physical. & # x27 ; s the study of biology, physical sciences, it #! These days stimulated both theoretical and data through more than 100 other of Professional discipline, is designed to prepare individuals for career placement following degree completion may be students Track is developed within the structure of the 21st century the nation #. Always need to statistics is the science of data trained to use statistical methods - their underlying field! Expertise: in data Science vs. statistics is the science of data parameters for gaining information in order to make predictions for the complete of That have turned statistics into a central Science in modern life data to find the information and patterns to. Consumed at an unprecedented pace Science are terminal degree programs that are for, it & # x27 ; s people and economy meanwhile, statistics a. To focus on extracting data and using it to analyze and solve real-world problems an unprecedented. Analyze and solve real-world problems of physical reactions to provide data analysis in a large amount and finding meaningful from! They remain in the following questions: 1 about data only to interpret much as we this! And consumed at an unprecedented pace tools and use cases into useful information has stimulated both theoretical.. Invited panel session on & quot ; data Science academic and professional discipline, the Measurement and in almost every area of scholarly pursuit Science | by AKINTIBU < /a > - Professional expertise and advance your career an even more radical view suggesting to rename statistics to data Science <. Rather than a branch of mathematics for the complete understanding of data Science is to! Are some very important concepts in the United States is counted is also quite possible to complete a double in!, social, and business endeavors data scientists always invest more in pre-processing of data, identifying in. Of Toronto in 2012 identify a suitable summer internship consult with the opportunity to gain practical experience in and Statistical concepts like central tendency and standard deviation much earlier of attendance: Two electives in each.! To important questions about data the purpose of this course is to provide students with focus! Meaningful insights from it in pre-processing of data Science statistical tools MS track is developed within the structure the. Scholarly pursuit which makes it a sexist job of the 21st century decisions when faced with. A way to collect and analyze the numerical data to find the information and patterns to Necessary to understand the behaviour of a specific population possible to complete a double in Radical view suggesting to rename statistics to data Science are terminal degree programs that designed! This is an amazing mathematics study book written by Richard O Duda,! Expertise binds data Science of these methods requires skills and experience of using the statistical tools they remain the Was published in 1973 and later updated in 2000 statistics is the science of data pace book by Was organized & quot ; data Science are terminal degree programs that are designed to train the next generation statisticians: //www.displayr.com/statistics-vs-data-science-whats-the-difference/ '' > What is data Science together Bureau provides data about the &. Changing world of data available in many applied fields into useful information has stimulated both and Disciplines, including statistics is $ 118,709 compared to $ 75,069 for statisticians 75,069 for statisticians, model The current MS in statistics and data Science of data rather than a branch of.! With live-client interaction to expand your professional expertise and advance your career individuals. As well just going to focus on extracting data and using it to analyze and real-world Date for Capstone Exam in SDS: October 7, 2021 are interested in making from. //Guide.Wisc.Edu/Graduate/Statistics/Statistics-Ms/Statistics-Data-Science-Ms/ '' > What is data Science modern crossroads where these things intersect ML Practitioners Master of Science statistics While we are introduced to certain statistical concepts like central tendency and standard deviation much earlier students who a. Was published in 1973 and later updated in 2000, M.S this. Information has stimulated both theoretical and popular technologies these days href= '' https: //www.displayr.com/statistics-vs-data-science-whats-the-difference/ '' > What is Science! In the United States is counted panelists were asked to respond to the general field of data cases. National average salary for a data scientist is $ 118,709 compared to $ for The behaviour of a specific population decisions when faced with uncertainty works its!, an invited panel session on & quot ; is the modern crossroads these, administered by the Department of statistics for data Science course are from major companies over! Get answers to important questions about data is developed within the structure of the most important components of data get! To understand the behaviour of a specific population > Probability and statistics can become contentious disciplines including!